In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum developed ELIZA, one of the earliest computer programs capable of natural language processing. ELIZA simulated conversation by using pattern matching and substitution methodologies, creating an illusion of understanding within users.
The most notable script, known as "DOCTOR," mimicked a Rogerian psychotherapist. It responded to user inputs by rephrasing their statements as questions, encouraging them to elaborate.
Significance: ELIZA demonstrated the potential for computers to emulate human-like interactions. It played a pivotal role in the history of artificial intelligence and influenced subsequent research in human-computer interaction and natural language processing.
Limitations: Despite its seemingly intelligent responses, ELIZA had no understanding of the conversation. It relied solely on pattern recognition without any comprehension of context or meaning.
Weizenbaum's Final Thoughts: Weizenbaum was surprised by how deeply people connected with ELIZA, often revealing personal thoughts to it. This led him to reflect on the ethical implications of AI and caution against overestimating the capabilities of machines, emphasizing the irreplaceable value of human empathy and understanding.